Catalytic Converters :: science

Exhaust systems Presentation There are a huge number of vehicles out and about in the United States, and every one is a wellspring of air contamination. Particularly in huge urban communities, the measure of contamination vehicles produce regular is a ton. To take care of those issues, numerous laws have been established confining the measure of contamination that vehicles can create. To make their vehicles as contamination free as could reasonably be expected, automakers have made numerous refinements to motors and fuel frameworks and have built up the exhaust system. The exhaust system treats the fumes before it leaves the vehicle, and expels a ton of the contamination. In this venture, we will contemplate exhaust systems to discover how they work, and what their impacts on our planet and society are. We anticipate that exhaust systems can change the measures of items that outcome from the consuming of fuel, and feel that these gadgets work superbly of making vehicles as contamination free as could be expected under the circumstances. How does an exhaust system work? So as to diminish discharges, present day motors cautiously control the measure of fuel they copy. They attempt to keep the air-to-fuel proportion extremely near the stoichiometric point, when the entirety of the fuel will be singed utilizing the entirety of the oxygen noticeable all around. For fuel, the stoichiometric proportion is about 14.7:1. Be that as it may, this fuel blend really shifts from the perfect proportion a lot during driving. The fundamental emmissions of a motor are nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water fume. Nitrogen gas makes up about 78% of the air, and a large portion of this gas just goes directly through the vehicle. Carbon dioxide is one of the results of combusion. The carbon in the fuel bonds with the oxygen noticeable all around to frame carbon dioxide. Water fume is the other result of combusion. The hydrogen in the fuel bonds with the oxygen noticeable all around to shape water fume. Be that as it may, the burning procedure is rarely great, so some littler measures of increasingly destructive outflows are likewise delivered in motors. They incorporate carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or unpredictable natural mixes, and nitrogen oxides. These are the three principle managed emanations, and furthermore the ones that exhaust systems are intended to lessen. Most current vehicles are furnished with three-way exhaust systems. Three-way exhaust systems control the three unsafe emmissions delivered from motors. The converter utilizes two unique sorts of impetuses, a decrease impetus and an oxidization impetus. The two kinds comprise of a fired structure covered with a metal impetus.

The film X

The film X-Men-the Movie Essay When this has happened the trailer has caught our eye. So as to additionally energize and intrigue us the trailer likewise shows the intensity of nature and the capacity of a man, so little in correlation and for this situation Tom Cruise, to vanquish nature. We are brought into the experience and need him to succeed. In the trailer the scenes move rapidly onwards which animates the sentiment of pace and activity. There are long shots with all encompassing perspectives on the scene. This gives us a sentiment of the huge size of nature and along these lines, subliminally, of the enormous size of the film. We will compose a custom exposition on The film X-Men-the Movie explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We are left with the inclination that no cost has been saved for our satisfaction. There are additionally close shots of the characters faces which empower us to check their feelings and individual characters. We inescapable will feel different feelings towards these characters and thusly our interest is invigorated to learn a greater amount of them. The trailer utilizes the first, natural and in a split second conspicuous topic tune from the first TV arrangement and which has gotten equivalent with an incomprehensible strategic. The subject tune in any case, is currently a progressively peppy and present day form. It is demonstrative of activity, peril and energy. This tune swarms the trailer leaving us in almost certainly that an outlandish strategic happen. On the off chance that we wish to take part in this cutting edge crucial, we should go to see the film. From my investigation of these two film trailers it is fascinating to see the manner by which comparative and furthermore differentiating strategies are utilized to convince us to see the full element films. So as to succeed, a trailer must catch our eye, invigorate our advantage, energize us or inspire feelings that leave us needing more.

The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession within the contemporary Built Environment

Before examining the job of the amount assessor, it’s essential to get a thought regarding the manufactured condition where the amount assessor works. Basically the fabricated condition implies human made structures, urban areas, streets and environmental factors and so on that could give a situation to their exercises. The idea of the fabricated condition was presented in Greece in numerous hundreds of years prior during the time spent building up their urban communities utilizing matrix plans. In any case, the advanced idea of manufactured condition is unmistakably more perplexing than that. Thinking about the contemporary fabricated condition, with enormous increment of the populace on the planet in the course of the only remaining century human wants are ascended and turned out to be progressively convoluted. Also need to have houses, urban communities, streets, which is called constructed condition, has become enthusiastic part of human life. Since the Quantity Surveyor is a critical character of building that manufactured condition, he/she needs to assume an indispensable job in it. The Origin of the Quantity Surveying What is the amount looking over? As indicated by the Seeley (1997), Quantity Surveying is a calling which would set up an exact bill of amounts to be evaluated by offering contractual workers and who might quantify and esteem any varieties that may happen during the advancement of the works. However, while thinking about the historical backdrop of this calling, the starting point of amount studying conveys us route back to the seventeenth century. In 1666 after the Great Fire, London was under rebuilding process it required enormous no. of laborers like artisans, craftsmen and other tradesmen. Before the 1666 all the laborers referenced above got paid regular routine. Yet, the enormous measure of work expected to reestablish the city after the fire, it caused governors to reconsider to and chose to pay every laborer for the amount of work they had done. It implied for the benefit of the pay laborers had been paid for the measure of carpentry, workmanship and different works they had done. In this way one individual needed to peruse the drawings of the structures and remove the amount of work every single exchange the development and simultaneously he needed to set up a gauge for the all out expense. What's more, the Quantity Surveying calling was developed to the present status after that frequency. History of the Quantity Surveying In mid 70’s there was a misconception about the calling that accepting the â€Å"valuation† and the â€Å"measurement† are covering the entire zone of amount looking over. Along these lines amount looking over calling was featured distinctly for its â€Å"Technical† job all through that period. In any case, estimation and valuation are just two capacities performed by amount assessors. Due to this nature, numerous individuals accepted that the capacities done by the amount assessor can be embraced by any individual or machine that can perform number-crunching figurings, similar to a PC. â€Å"The QS isn't a need in the request for things. Any helpful and modest strategy for increasing drawings and particulars and setting duplicates in the hands of every estimator would answer a similar reason and dispose of the QS for good† (Anon, 1889 refered to in Wood, 2008). Changing jobs of Quantity Surveying In spite of all the above questions amount looking over calling was endure and by and by viewed as one of the most costly calling in the development business. Likewise amount looking over is being known as a unique calling and its aptitudes segment had gone for various changes throughout the most recent decade or somewhere in the vicinity. Smith (2004) referenced that the amount looking over calling has looked to impressive changes throughout the most recent decade regarding extension and the kind of commitments gave inside and outside the development procedure. Ashworth (1981) called attention to the changing job of the amount assessor in late past has been huge. Conventional jobs of Quantity Surveying Amount Surveyor Is the individual who giving advices and getting ready records with respect to cost assessing and money related segment of the development procedure. Thirty years prior the job of amount assessor was to get ready Bill of Quantities and giving Final Accounts as it were. â€Å"The customary job of amount assessor is the expert who gives exhortation about expense and money related administration for the development procedure. The customary administrations gave are viewed as of a specialized premise, for example, setting up the cost arrangement and the bills of amounts, delicate documentation and delicate evaluation, interval installments, estimating and esteeming varieties, exhorting on foreseen last expenses and setting up the last account† (Burnside and Westcott, 1999). Skills of Quantity Surveying Amount assessors are likewise notable as a development financial experts who perform different and wide scope of obligations to help the savvy development ventures. The center capabilities of amount studying calling, for example, deciding the financial plans of ventures, estimating venture amounts, planning Bills of Quantities, cost control archives, administrating contracts, and getting ready last records, and so forth ought to be kept up and upgraded so as to adjust to changes in numerous zones of the development business since the amount surveyor’s achievement depends not just the abilities which he/she has. Experts should be unmistakably increasingly versatile and ready to change their standard work rehearses than previously (Smith, 2004). Likewise the RICS has presented and featured some fundamental and discretionary center skills that expected of amount assessors to upgrade their capacity to confront the changing development industry and they are as per the following. Capabilities expected of Quantity Surveyors for proficient Competency (RICS) Essential capabilities Center abilities Discretionary abilities Individual and relational abilities Development contract practice Mediation and other contest goals systems Business abilities Development innovation and natural administrations Improvement examination Information, data and data innovation Financial aspects of development Offices the executives Proficient practice Acquisition and monetary administration Bankruptcy Law Protection Estimation Undertaking the board Mapping Property venture financing Research philosophies and procedures Valuation Tax assessment remittances and awards Aside from that, Information Technology has had enormous effect on amount looking over calling as if it is spread out everywhere throughout the development business. Smith (2004; 2006) keep stressed that all the experts ought to have the information on the most proficient method to utilize the AUTOCAD appropriately and precisely and be an aptitude in the field of development without postponing. (Odeyinka, 2008) Expressed that, economically evolved programming bundles are accessible worldwide to improve the presentation of amount assessors. Frei, (2009) additionally expressed that with the expectation of building up the efficiency and elite of the business it is important to put resources into data innovation (IT) and data correspondence innovation (ICT). RICS (1991) In 1990s and 2000s, Quantity Surveyors ought to be progressively imaginative, all the more star dynamic and increasingly versatile to tackle the issues and the changing of customer prerequisites. New aptitudes and administrations will be logically evolved from persistent research and advancements of new strategies. Advancing jobs of Quantity Surveying The amount looking over calling has had the option to develop and differentiate into new territories of working on, giving a more extensive scope of administrations, with the cutting edge amount assessor covering all parts of undertaking cost the executives, obtainment and agreement the executives (Lee, Trench and Willis 2011) (Menaha Thayaparan, et.al2011) â€Å"Deviating from its customary â€Å"technical† job, during mid-80’s RICS has advanced the job of the Quantity Surveyor as â€Å"the Building Economist†, â€Å"Cost Engineer†, â€Å"Procurement consultant† and as a â€Å"Cost Consultant† (RICS, 1986; RICS, 1991). These jobs have credited to a greater degree a â€Å"managerial† picture to the amount looking over profession.† Since that dynamic nature of the calling, it has been gotten down to business to give ideal needs, for example, cost and worth administration, venture the executives, acquisition advisor, quality administration, chance administration, discretion, and a lot more non-conventional administrations of the development business without constraining to its restricted degree. QSBC (2009) Has been recommended that the job of the amount assessor has extended after some time past its fundamental extent of money related based concerns not exclusively to cover the information on values, cost, work and materials, yet in addition to incorporate legitimate and legally binding issues, similar to astute being a specialists on development business and furthermore must be worry about engineers, the administration, contractual workers and the general venture the board. As indicated by the realities which I have talked about up until this point, it has proclaimed that Quantity Surveyors not just need to perform customary jobs by offering conventional administrations by and by likewise need to assume contemporary jobs by giving non-conventional or extra administrations to top off the interest of this inventive and changeable development industry. Aside from those cost concerned angles examined above, amount assessors are likewise should have been familiar with development the board and obtainment, authoritative organization and lawful parts of development inside the cutting edge fabricated condition. Along these lines it’s imperative to talk about administration information on amount assessor which enables to adjust to jumpers conditions and to tackle issues rise in monetary and legally binding parts which are one of a kind for every single development ventures. In the ongoing past years it has been not uncommon for amount assessors to broaden their extent of calling and set themselves in a place of venture chief with the measure of experience they have. The significance of the Project Managemen

Using Control Statements in C

Utilizing Control Statements in C Projects consistâ of segments or squares of guidelines that sit inert until they are required. At the point when required, the program moves to the proper segment to achieve an errand. While one area of code is occupied, different segments are latent. Control articulations are the means by which software engineers show which areas of code to use at explicit occasions. Control articulations are components in theâ source code that control the progression of program execution. They incorporate squares utilizing { and } sections, circles utilizing for, while and do while, and dynamic utilizing if and switch. Theres likewise goto. There are two kinds of control proclamations: contingent and unrestricted. Conditional Statements in C Now and again, a program needs to execute contingent upon a specific condition. Contingent explanations are executed when at least one conditions are fulfilled. The most widely recognized of these contingent articulations is the if explanation, which takes the structure: in the event that (condition) {  â â â statement(s); } This announcement executes at whatever point the condition is valid. C utilizes numerous other contingent articulations including: in the event that else: An if-else proclamation works on an either/or premise. One articulation is executed if the condition is valid; another is executed if the condition is false.if-else if-else: This proclamation picks one of the announcements accessible relying upon the condition. On the off chance that no conditions are valid, the else proclamation toward the end is executed.while: While rehashes an announcement up to a given explanation is true.do while: A do while articulation is like some time articulation with the expansion that the condition is checked at the end.for: A for articulation rehashes an announcement as long as the condition is fulfilled. Unlimited Control Statements Unlimited control articulations don't have to fulfill any condition. They promptly move control starting with one piece of the program then onto the next part. Unequivocal articulations in C include: goto: A goto explanation guides control to another piece of the program.break: A break proclamation ends a circle (a rehashed structure)â continue: A proceed with articulation is utilized in circles to rehash the circle for the following an incentive by moving control back to the start of the circle and overlooking the explanations that come after it.

Essay --

Exchanging instruction to angle for their lives/Choosing shores over schools Kumar*, 16 is among the numerous kids in Pamban town of Rameshwaram who forego training and adventure into the ocean to procure a living for their families. While key choices about sharing of waters among Indian and Sri Lankan anglers are anticipated, the angling villa of Anthoniar Nagar in Rameshwaram has kids as youthful as 11 years going with anglers in their nation pontoons. At four feet tall, Kumar* is little for his age. After his dad relinquished the family, he dropped out of school in class VIII and turned provider of his family. â€Å"Nobody constrained us to go fishing,† he said and presented his companion Joseph*, a calm thin kid of 11 who was very nearly a foot taller than him. Kumar* guaranteed that Joseph* eagerly went angling with his dad to accommodate his group of seven. â€Å"It’s been a long time since I went to school,† said Joseph*. He said that the Indian Navy got vessels with kids in them and that yet they went around 50-60 feet down. â€Å"I don’t go to class however in any event I win for my fam...

Never Drive When Youre Drunk

Never Drive When Youre Drunk Drunk Driving Essay Home›Informative Posts›Drunk Driving Essay Informative PostsThe problem of drunk driving is a serious issue that keeps taking thousands of lives every year.Too many deaths have been reported on because of drunk driving. Not only is the victim of drunk driving affected but also their family members and friends. Sometimes, only one drink can cause a tragic accident. There are a lot of solutions to the prevention of drunk driving, but they are effective only if you actually implement them.Facts about drunk drivingIt should be noted that every 90 seconds a casualty that is related to drunk driving happens. Unfortunately, drunk driving doesn’t happen occasionally, since there are negative consequences each day of the year. The majority of casualties related to drunk driving are not necessarily those who have been drinking. They could be people who are just driving home from work. All of a sudden, they get hit by the person who has been drinking this evening. Wha t would be your feelings if you took a person’s life? Would you manage to deal with it for the rest of your life?Despite the fact that some people think we are too concerned about drunk driving, you should consider the following statistics.There are approximately 65% of people, who have been convicted of drunk driving, still on the roads driving with an expired license. When it comes to drunk driving, teens are the ones who come to our minds first. Due to peer pressure, they consider drunk driving as the way to build their self-esteem. Because of their reckless attitude, many people become victims of road accidents.Teens usually do not realize the negative consequences one drink can cause. Sadly enough, one drink can change lives of many people in a few seconds. Ultimately, drunk driving is a serious problem that should definitely be prevented.Ways of preventing drunk drivingThere are various solutions that can help to prevent drunk driving. One of the most successful ways to stop drunk drivers is the installation of more sobriety checkpoints that will definitely increase the chance of arresting the drunk people at the wheel. If there are more arrests, drivers will be more cautious on the roads.Regardless of the attitude towards sobriety checkpoints, they are actually effective when it comes to preventing trouble on the roads. In addition, sobriety checkpoints help to avoid creating more deaths on the roads caused by the intoxicated drivers.Another way of avoiding drunk driving is having a designated driver whenever you are out drinking. A designated driver is a person who is willing to drive home their friends who have been drinking all night long. Designated drivers help to prevent the drunk drivers from potentially getting in a fatal accident. When a designated driver takes the keys of a drunk person, it keeps him/her from getting in his/her car and driving under the influence of alcohol.ConclusionDrunk driving is an issue that cannot be taken lightly, as we all should do our part in order to save innocent lives on the roads. Since there are too many deaths and injuries in the past few years, it is highly recommended not to drink and drive. It’s your choice, so be prudent and wise when you are making it.

Defenses to Malpractices and Risk Management - 275 Words

Defenses to Malpractices and Risk Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Defenses to Malpractices and Risk Management Name Institution The incident presented in the case study resulted from various failures of the hospital and its staff. The hospital was understaffed, the few staff became overwhelmed up to the point that they could not take full responsibility of their duties and there was also the problem of the hospital being ill-equipped to take care of all the cases admitted to the facility. The first remedial measure that could have resolved the whole incidence could have been a quick response from the staff on duty at the time of the first beep of the infusion pump was heard. Carol Prince would have taken the initiative of checking anything going on around instead of going by mere assumption that someone else was attending to the patient (Sanbar, 2007). Consistency of health record keeping of the individual patients could have given clear direction on what was expected to be done on each patient by the next group of nurses assuming their duty after every shift. In regard to the risk management techniques that could have been employed before the adverse patient occurrence could have included looking into the issue of understaffing that had been noted during chart review and this could have reduced work overload among the hospital staff (Sheehan,ÂÂ  2000). In order to prevent more damages to tissues after the incidence had occurred, the medical practitioners should have adopted other reconstruction strategies other than the multiple surgical processes. The alternative reconstruction strategies could include minor ...

The Future of Life Essay examples - 872 Words

The Future of Life In the book The Future of Life, Edward O. Wilson tells us environmentalism is a large-scale lesson in sacrifice. Some people will think when humans protecting the environment, they always need to give up something. When humans need to protect an endangered species, some people will lose their money, jobs and even their home. People will think the Earths gain is humans lost and stop to protect the environment. However, they forget humans are themselves a part of nature. Humans cannot survive without the natural environment. Wilson follows with a cogent outline of how the environmental crisis is threatening the Earth, focusing on the rapid destruction of species we have not even begun to classify. He points out†¦show more content†¦If humans want to solve the problem, 12 percent of land should be set aside to protect nature environment. Moreover, humans should reduce global consumption and production; otherwise the resources will run up soon. Overpopulation and environmentally ignorant development are destroying natural habitats and biological diversity. Hawaii is a good example of how human beings destroy natural habitats and eliminate other species. Before the arrival of humanity, Hawaii was biologically diverse and unique. There were at least 125 and as many as 145 species of birds that could be found there. However, now there are only 35 of the original species of birds still alive, and 24 of them are endangered. (Natures last stand) The developments and human activities destroyed the natural habitat, and only one quarter of the land remains untouched. Humans transform forest into farms and houses. Many species disappeared since they lost their living place. Moreover, the immigration of non native species was another reason for habitat destruction. Humans carried non native species to Hawaii. Those non native species do not have any predator and competitor, so they can develop their population rapidly. Those non nativ e species also rippled up the food chain; they have reduced the food sources of the native species which lead to the disappearance of the native species. The Domestic pig and house cat are good examples of how non native speciesShow MoreRelatedMy Future Life1557 Words   |  7 PagesMy life started when my parents met it was fate brought them together and since then, it was my fate to live on this Earth and live the life I live now. Things are planned from the beginning of time since before your birth. My mom was fifteen years old at the time she met my father, they dated, they shared memories, and they loved. Then my father proposed, and they married. My mother was seventeen and my father was twenty-five at the time. My mother, now married with my father, moved to the UnitedRead MoreMy Life And My Future915 Words   |  4 Pagesfinish the high school, and it was my only wish in my life. 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Social workers views on life can drastically change due to the cases the worker receives and seeing what others may go through. Being able to help others ca n be the best reward someone can receive. Helping

Christmas in France French-English Side-by-Side Story

Test your comprehension of French with this side-by-side  French-English translation about Christmas.  It is an  easy story to help you learn French in context. Christmas Is  Noà «l  in France   Noà «l est une fà ªte importante en France. Cest une fà ªte religieuse bien sà »r, puisque traditionnellement la France est un pays catholique, mais cest aussi une fà ªte familiale  : Le 25 dà ©cembre est un jour fà ©rià © quand tout est fermà ©. Christmas in France is an important holiday. It’s a religious holiday of course, since traditionally France is a Catholic country, but its also a family holiday: December 25  is a national holiday when everything is closed. Comme dans le reste du monde, les Franà §ais se rà ©unissent en famille autour du sapin de Noà «l, et souvent dune petite crà ¨che, et les enfants attendent que le Pà ¨re Noà «l soit passà © pour ouvrir les cadeaux le 25 au matin. As in the rest of the world, the French gather around the Christmas tree, and often a little manger, and the children wait for Santa Claus to pass by so they can open presents on the morning of the 25th. What Are the Traditions of Christmas in France? Il y a beaucoup de traditions de Noà «l en France, qui sont plus ou moins respectà ©es selon les rà ©gions et les prà ©fà ©rences personnelles. La Provence en particulier a beaucoup de traditions comme les treize desserts, le gros souper, etcetera. En Alsace, beaucoup de maisons sont richement dà ©corà ©es pour Noà «l, et il y a beaucoup de marchà ©s de Noà «l. Cependant, dans la plupart de la France, les traditions sont comparables à   celles des Etats-Unis. There are many Christmas traditions in France, which are more or less respected according to region  and personal preference. Provence (the South of France),  in particular, has many traditions like the 13 desserts, the fat super, etcetera. In Alsace (the northeast), many houses are richly decorated for Christmas, and there are many Christmas markets. But in most of France, traditions are similar to the ones in the United States. Un Dialogue   Un dialogue pour utiliser le vocabulaire de Noà «l en contexte:A conversation using Christmas vocabulary in context:Camille et son amie Anne parlent de leurs projets pour Noà «l.Camille and her friend Anne are talking about their Christmas projects.Camille:  Et alors, vous faà ®tes quoi pour Noà «l cette annà ©e ?So, what are you doing for Christmas this year?Anne:  Comme d’habitude, on va à   Paris pour cà ©là ©brer Noà «l avec la famille de Christian. Et vous?As usual, we’re going to Paris to celebrate Christmas with Christian’s family. And you? CamilleNous, on reste ici avec la famille d’Olivier. C’est une fà ªte familiale importante pour eux;  ma belle-mà ¨re a toujours un joli sapin avec des guirlandes de Noà «l, des boules et des autres dà ©corations de Noà «l. Il y a une belle couronne en sapin sur la porte, et l’annà ©e dernià ¨re, mon beau-pà ¨re avait mà ªme accrochà © une guirlande lumineuse clignotante autour de la maison ! We stay here with Olivier’s family. It’s an important family holiday for them; my mother-in-law always has a beautiful Christmas tree with Christmas garlands, balls and other Christmas ornaments. There is a gorgeous pine wreath on the door, and last year, my father-in-law even put up a blinking garland around the house! Le Rà ©veillon Is Christmas Eve in France AnneOui, j’ai remarquà © que de plus en plus de gens faisait à §a. À cà ´tà © de chez moi, il y a une maison toute illuminà ©e... C’est amusant. Et qu’est-ce que vous faà ®tes pour le Rà ©veillon? Yes, I noticed that more and more people were doing this. Next to my house, there is a house thats all lit up. It’s fun. And what are you doing on Christmas Eve? CamilleEn fait, nous faisons un Rà ©veillon plus simple le 24 au soir : On fait plutà ´t un gros apà ©ritif dà ®natoire, avec des toasts de foie-gras et de saumon fumà © et du champagne, et  nous ouvrons les cadeaux  ce soir-là  . Ce n’est pas trà ¨s traditionnel, mais plus pratique avec les enfants. In fact, we are having a simple Christmas Eve on the evening of the 24th; we have more like a large cocktail party which is abundant enough to be a meal, with foie-gras patà © toasts, smoked salmon and champagne, and we open the presents that evening. It’s not very traditional, but it’s more practical with the kids. AnneAh bon ? Les enfants n’attendent pas que le Pà ¨re-Noà «l soit passà © ? Really? The children don’t wait until Santa has passed by? CamilleNon, enfin je suppose que le Pà ¨re-Noà «l passe plus tà ´t chez nous... comme il est magique, ce n’est pas difficile pour lui ! Et puis de toutes les faà §ons, chez nous il n’y a pas de cheminà ©e, alors il doit forcà ©ment faire preuve d’imagination. No, well I suppose Santa comes early in our house. Since hes magic, it’s not difficult for him! Anyway, in our house there is no fireplace, so he has undoubtedly has to use his imagination. AnneEt pas de messe de minuit non plus j’imagine. And no midnight mass I suppose. CamilleNon, notre famille n’est pas trà ¨s pratiquante. Le 25, on fait un gros repas de Noà «l. Là  , on cuisine quelque chose de plus traditionnel : une dinde ou un jambon, ou bien un repas hautement gastronomique. Et bien sà »r, en dessert, on dà ©guste une traditionnelle  bà »che de Noà «l.  Et chez vous ? No, our family is not very religious. On the 25th, we have a big Christmas meal. Then, we cook something more traditional:  a turkey or a ham, or a fancy gastronomic meal. And of course, for dessert we enjoy a traditional Christmas yule log (dessert). What about at your house? AnneChez nous aussi bien sà »r. Bon, et bien on a intà ©rà ªt à   se mettre au rà ©gime dà ¨s maintenant ! We do too, of course. Well, we better start dieting right away! CamilleTu l’as dit ! Allez, joyeux Noà «l, Anne, et une excellente annà ©e 2015. You said it! OK, Merry Christmas, Anne, and a wonderful 2015. AnneToi aussi Camille, un trà ¨s joyeux Noà «l à   toi et à   ta famille, et tous mes meilleurs voeux pour 2015. You too, Camille, a merry Christmas to you and your family, and my best wishes for 2015. Joyeuses fà ªtes de fin dannà ©e ! Happy Holidays!

Nursing - 1311 Words

Dashiff, Riley, Abdullatif amp; Moreland (2011) goal in this article was to describe the experiences of parents of 16 to 18 years old adolescent with type 1 diabetes Mellitus (TIDM). Information gained from this research can be use to develop education program that will help parents with TIDM adolescent self-management efforts. In support of the research, a thorough discussion of the difficulty parents have in letting go when their children reaches the age to take over the management of their diabetes because as parents they have always been the one to provide this serve for their children. Parents as they stated have always been the core in making sure their children achieve a good glycemic control (Dashiff, Riley, Abdullatif amp;†¦show more content†¦The inform consent must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB)... In this study, that procedure was implemented and stated in the article. Evidence of data saturation presented in the study by the authors in that throughout the data collection and interview process, each parent was offered the opportunity to provide their prospective, and when possible they conducted second interviews for clarification P.305 In analyzing qualitative data, the researcher organizes the narrative information from the data collected to assist him in understanding the important meaning of the story being told from the information gathered. The authors in this article in analyzing the data first coded the data so that a systematic understanding could be made from the study. The data analysis procedures were appropriate for the type of data collected and followed the qualitative method. The data was analyzed to ensure there were no biases. Interviews were conducted by an investigator and two doctoral students. After the interview, coding on the transcripts was done independently. During the coding process, key words and phrases reflecting key points of the parent’s answer to the interview questions were records in the transcript margin. After the coding, the group met andShow MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy : Nursing And Nursing Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is defined as a nurse or students thought of what they believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and to provide a base for nursing practice. (2016, para.1) The nursing field continues to develop into a professional scope of practice and nurses continue to work to develop a high standard for the profession. The values and skills that nurses’ learn as they care for patients continue to develop into rules and regulations for future nursesRead MoreThe Nursing Practice Of Nursing851 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing is a highly promising profession, yet healthcare institutions are having difficulty filling nursing positions. 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As a nurse, one mustRead MoreNursing : Nursing And Surgical Nursing Essay2101 Words   |  9 PagesThe main goal of every nursing student is to pass the National Council (of State Boards of Nursing) Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN). The NCLEX-RN certifies a nurse to practice general medical procedures. However, if a nurse so wishes, he or she could then specialize in one area of nursing, and that is the area in which that nurse would make his or her career. To specialize in a certain area is to certify that a nurse is knowl edgeable and capable of doing a certain job. There are hundreds of differentRead MoreThe Nursing Theory Of Nursing773 Words   |  4 PagesNursing Theory The metaparadigm of nursing consists of four parts comprised by Jacqueline Fawcett, in 1984, in her seminal work (Alligood, 2014). The metaparadigm she developed served to provide direction and guidance for the nursing framework already in use and became an organization tool for theories already in use (Alligood, 2014). 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To others, including myself, it is someone who keeps you safe and watches over you while you are in a healthcare settingRead MoreNursing Theories Of A Nursing Theory923 Words   |  4 PagesA nursing theory can be defined as the concepts and assumptions used to explain, predict and control the practice of nursing. These theories provide a systematic view of the profession by organizing the relationships between all of the phenomena (i.e. events, people, and actions) that are associated with practice (Current Nursing, 2012). Nursing theories serve multiple purposes within the profession such as indicating the direction in which the practice will advance over time by predicting futureRead MoreNursing Theory And Nursing Practice Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages The purpose of this paper is to apply and explain nursing theory as a guide to help restructure and solve nursing practice issues by questioning, critical thinking about effectiveness of what nurses do. Application of theory by nurse leaders can influence patient satisfaction scores, patient-care delivery, and workflow. In today’s complex rapidly changing healthcare environment, healthcare system and hospitals are increasing their efforts to hire well-trained clinical professionals

Table For Ladies, By Edward Hopper, And His Wife - 1031 Words

Tables for Ladies is set in the interior of an unknown restaurant. There are four figures in this piece: two guests, a cashier, and a waitress. The two guests, a man and a woman, are sitting at one of the tables and seem to be having a conversation. The cashier stands nearby the cash register, possibly counting the amount of money in it. The waitress is arranging the display of fruit, which is presumably at the front of the restaurant. The restaurant contains wall mirrors, polished woodwork and checkerboard blue and white tiles on the floor. The artist, Edward Hopper, and his wife, Jo, had given each figure a name while this piece was painting. The couple is Max Scherer and his wife, Sadie, the cashier is Anne Popebogales and the waitress is Olga. By personal observation, this piece contains bright and vibrant colors. It also seems to portray a scene that can be identified in modern, everyday life, as opposed to an art piece based on religious scenes from the Bible or Greek or Roman mythology. This painting is meant to portray the changing roles of women after the First World War, which can be evident in the fact that the two people working in this restaurant are both women. The painting was created by American artist, Edward Hopper. Hopper is possibly best known for his painting, Nighthawks. Tables for Ladies contrasts this piece with its well light setting and warm, vibrant colors. Nighthawks also features a restaurant as its setting, however, this piece is set at night.Show MoreRelatedArt History Study Guide3003 Words   |  13 Pages–Sanctuary of Athena * Hellenistic (320-30 BCE) * Alexandros –Aphrodite of Melos * Epigonos –Gallic Chieftain Killing His Wife and Himself; Dying Gaul * Hagesandros –[and Polydoros, Athanadoros] Laocoon and His Sons * S Chapter 10 China * 6 Dynasties (220-579) * Gu Kaizhi – Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies * Wang Xizhi –Letter Feng Ju album * Song (960-1279) * Fan Kuan –Travelers Among Mtns and Streams * XiaRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesBeloved AF http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_(novel) Morrison, Toni The bluest eye AF Morrison, Toni Sula AF Morton, Kate Forgotten garden AF Nabakov, Vladimir Lolita AF Naidoo, Beverley Other side of truth YA Niffenegger, Audrey The time traveller’s wife AF Niland, D’Arcy The shiralee AF Nunn, Cameron Shadows in the mirror YA Oates, Joyce Carol Black girl/White girl AF O’Brien, Robert Z for Zachariah YA O’Dell, Scott Island of the blue dolphins JF Orwell, George Nineteen eighty-four AF YA Paton,

Romeo’s Diary Free Essays

I truly believe I am the luckiest man alive. Friar Lawrence has finally agreed to match me and Juliet later today. Rosalind is my heart’s old desire, but my heart doth gape for Juliet. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo’s Diary or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘She doth teach the torches to burn bright’ with her exquisite beauty. I have been frivolous until now believing my heart belonged to Rosalind. ‘Is love a tender thing? ‘Loving her felt like a ‘ feather of lead’, true her beauty astounded me, but my unrequited love towards her vexed my soul. I longed to be with her, but she wanted to remain chaste, causing me great amounts of pain that ‘pricked like thorns’. I could not forget about Rosalind, she was constantly in my thoughts, but I was purblind to ever think she could love me. I now realise my feelings for her were false and fanciful. What my heart now feels is not another fantasy; my new love takes all my strength and makes every other woman look like miserable hags. How I wish I had taken my own advice sooner. I was terribly unhappy this morning, and looking back, I was a pathetic, immature sibling, hanging on to what I was felt for Rosalind, now vowed to an eternity of chastity. We both loved different attributes, it is only fitting we remain this way. To begin with I was extremely confused and slightly arrogant as to why she did not take an interest in me. I am always unsure about what to do about the situation, and talking to my friends about it is usually an inexcusable NO. But, I was bewildered as to which path to take, I told Benvolio, which looking back was the correct decision; the only friend that wouldn’t laugh or take off for a drink. I told him of my problem and strangely his advice was to help him crash a Capulet party, to enjoy myself and remember how Rosalind is not the end of the world. There are plenty other beauties in the world. Immediately, I recoiled and did not believe anything that spurted out of his mouth. I only allowed him to drag me along to the party as to not worry them. Was that the right thing to do? This never-ending grudge between our ill-fated families bound me, and the fighting between such parties is a disgraceful burden, holding me back, as so I cannot take the fair lady Juliet in my arms. My hot tempered friend accompanied by the vengeful Benvolio encountered a hurtful opposition in that of the brute Tybalt and many of his serving men. Sooner or later all will die under the wielding of a weapon. My father later drew his unsheathed weapon of that against Lord Capulet, when will this silly brutality come to a close. A’ last Prince came and took charge, but I cannot help but think if this is the attitude I wish to understand if I finally want to elope and continue the family name. Do I need to grow up? Suddenly, no sooner as I had pulled on my visor, I met eyes with the most beautiful girl created. She made my lovely Rosalind look like a hag, and one more shot of Cupid’s arrow and I was in love, yet again with a younger beauty. How to cite Romeo’s Diary, Papers

Gender Issues And Feminism Theories Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Gender Issues And Feminism Theories. Answer: Introduction: Published in the year of 1985, The Handmaids Tale is regarded as one of the most recognized literary works of the Canadian author, Margaret Atwood (Dvorak, 2016). Since the most significant theme of the novel is the subjugation of women, it is almost impossible to read the novel without referring to the gender issues and feminism theories which are integral to the theme of the novel. Gender Studies: A Literary Theory of Criticism: Gender Studies is an integral theory of literary criticism which critically analyses and evaluates the presentation of masculine, feminine as well as queer (third) gendered people in the literary creation. Ideologically speaking, most of the literary authors have rendered voice to the male perspective, and have successfully suppressed the other perspective rightfully belonging to the women and the members of the LGBT community. The Gender Studies, takes into careful consideration, how the other voice has been coerced into silence for ages, and how this has led to the subjugation and denial of rights of the weaker sex. Thus, this form of literary criticism challenges and interrogates the validity of normative definition of gender and sexual identity, and reinforces the importance of canonical inclusion of the female authors in literary studies. Feminist Gender Theory: An Integral Branch of Gender Studies: The Feminist Literary Criticism intends to challenge the ideological representation of women in accordance with the sexual identity they are born with, in different literary articles, and examines how women are conditioned and socialized to participate in their own subjugation by men. An important feminist critic, Judith Butler considered gender as nothing more than a human and social construct that has been enacted by the continual repetition of social performance, as seen in real life as well as portrayed in literary creations. The feminist literary critics such as Simone de Beauvoir, Helene Cixous, and Julia Kristeva, examine and discuss the gaps, silences and spaces inherently present within the language or symbol system of a culture in which there should be a space for a womens language, highly distinguishable from the normative male-dominated discourse. This literary theory critiques male dominance, female subjugation and challenges the validity of social roles assigned to peop le, on the basis of the sexual identity they are born with. Feminism: The Handmaids Tale: There can be no point stating the fact that the novel The Handmaids Tale is not merely a story about women, but is essentially a novel with a strong feminist propaganda. The very name of the protagonist, Offred, which literally means Of Fred, signifying the name of the commander she belongs to, supports the theme of social objectification of women in the novel. In the novel, she portrays the miserable lives of the handmaids whose very identity gets subsumed by the males who exercise sexual control over them (Campbell, 2016). The women are no longer treated as separate living entities, enjoying rights of freedom, but are rather objectified and treated as the property of the master, as evident in their names- Offred, Ofglen and Ofwarren. The novel clearly shows how Gilead most ruthlessly tries to divide women based on their reproductive abilities, as the fertile females are being assigned to become the handmaids, while the ardent feminists like Offreds mother and aunt are referred to a s the unwoman (Timonen, 2015). Queer Theory: The Handmaids Tale: The patriarchal regime suppresses the voice of the gay and homosexual characters as well. The novel shows how Offred and Ofglen, while returning back to home, witnesses the hanging of a man who was A priest, a doctor and a gay man. His greatest and perhaps the only sin must have been his identification as a gay. Similarly, Moira who prefers to dress herself like men, and exhibits strong lesbian proclivities find herself shut up in a women-only enclave' - which men run for their own pleasure (Donahue, 2016). At the same time, when women refuse to act in accordance with the sexual roles assigned to them, they are punished. As Ofglen turns out to be a rebellious, gender traitor, she receives the harshest punishment. She finds her lover hanged, though she is kept alive, as she herself is capable of bearing children (Fitch, 2015). The incident clearly shows how women are made subservient to the needs of the men, and are punished or spared as per their ability to satisfy the parochial need s of a male-dominated social-set up. The individual identity of the other sexes has been totally denied, and conforming to the male-centred ideology is the only way to survive. How are Gender Roles Defined in The Handmaids Tale: The value and importance of the women in the novel, largely relies on their fertility and reproductive ability. The handmaids are expected to deliver children for the infertile wives of the commanders, failing to do which, they are identified as the unwoman. It clearly shows a society where the women are deemed as nothing more than the sex slaves, whose sexual identity are defined or degraded based on their ability to fulfil the traditional gender roles (Timonen, 2015). The novel draws a horrific picture of sexual enslavement in the lines : Women kneeling, sucking penises or guns, women tied up or chained or with dog collars around their necks, women hanging from trees, or upside-down, naked, with their legs held apart, women being raped, beaten up, killed . Race, Class and Gender: The Handmaids Tale: The Handmaids Tale is a dystopian novel that explores the theme of white feminism, and focuses less on the women of colour. Though Atwood herself has stated in an interview that the novel is inspired by the highly oppressive system of the American slavery, it does not refer to the atrocities inflicted on the black characters, such as Martha. The black denizens, or the people of colour have been sidelined in the narrative, and their stories are left unexplored. The reader finds Offred enduring domestic slavery and forced sexhardships that are exactly the same as experienced by a much higher number of non-white women throughout history, and in various parts of the world. Yet, despite the clear parallels to the oppression of African Americans in the United States, the novel does not portray black female slave experience (Campbell, 2016). References: Campbell, L. (2016). Feminist History in Canada: New Essays on Women, Gender, Work, and Nation, edited by Catherine Carstairs and Nancy Janovicek. Campbell, L. (2016). Feminist History in Canada: New Essays on Women, Gender, Work, and Nation, edited by Catherine Carstairs and Nancy Janovicek. Donahue, D. (2016). Unruly Women: Performance, Penitence, and Punishment in Early Modern Spain by Margaret E. Boyle. Dvorak, M. (2016).Lire Margaret Atwood: the handmaid's tale. Presses universitaires de Rennes. Fitch, D. (2015).From The Handmaids Tale to Bumped: Dystopian Fiction and American Womens Reproductive Rights(Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Timonen, J. (2015). Women and Women: Use of Women Types as Rhetorical Techniques in Atwoods Handmaids Tale and Teppers Gate to Womens Country. Timonen, J. (2015). Women and Women: Use of Women Types as Rhetorical Techniques in Atwoods Handmaids Tale and Teppers Gate to Womens Country. Wilson, S. R. (Ed.). (2014).Women's Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Confucius free essay sample

A lot of people in the world ask this question. The answer to that question is that Confucianism is a religion based in Asia that was made before Christs birth. Confucianism is a religion that teaches you how you should live your life. All of the information was found on religioustolerance. org, and was written by B. A. Robinson. This essay will tell you all about Confucianism. The roots and history of Confucianism are based in a time very long ago. The religion of Confucianism started in the mid- 500s before Christs birth. The religion started in the Asian city of China by a man named Kung Fu Tzu, also known as Confucius. This religion is very closely related to the religion of Taoist in its social ethics and moral teachings. There are about six million Confucians living in the world. Around twenty-six thousand live in North America. We will write a custom essay sample on Confucius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the rest of the six million live in China and the rest of Asia. The founder of this particular religion is named Confucius, which was stated earlier. This man was born in five hundred fifty one B. C. in the the state of Lu which is modern day Shantung Province. He lived during the Chou dynasty. As he grew older, he traveled through China and gave advice on how to live to rulers and many people. The last few years of Confucius life was spent in Lu where he taught students. He taught them of individual morality and ethics, and the proper exercise of political power by the rulers. Confucius finally died in 479 B. C. which was was found on calendarmine. com. There are six schools of Confucianism. These schools consist of Han Confucianism, Neo- Confucianism, Contemporary Neo-Confucianism, Korean Confucianism, Japanese Confucianism, and Singapore Confucianism. There are many rituals and rites of Confucianism. One of the many is that during birth, a special procedure is taken and is followed when the placenta is disposed of. Another ritual is of marriage which is done in six parts. In proposal, the couple exchanges the eight characters: the year, month, day, and hour of each of their births. If any events occur with the family that seem that the marriage is unlikely, the woman is believed to have rejected the proposal. The next part of marriage is the engagement. After the wedding day is chosen, the bride announces the wedding with invitations and a gift of cookies made in the shape of the moon. The third part is dowry. This is carried to the grooms house in a serious procession. The money is then sent to the bride by the grooms parents. Gifts by the groom to the bride, equal in value to the dowry, are sent to her. The fourth part is the procession. In this part, the groom visits the brides home and brings her back to his place, with a lot of commotion. The fifth part is of marriage and reception. In this, the couple recites their vows, toast each other with wine, and take center stage at a banquet. The last part of marriage is of the morning after. During this period, the bride serves breakfast to the grooms parents. There are many celebrations and ceremonies celebrated in Confucianism. A lot of these ceremonies and celebrations consist of life passages. One of the ceremonies of these life passages is of reaching maturity. This life passage is no longer celebrated, except in traditional families. It takes the form of a group meal in which the young adult is served chicken. One other ceremony that takes place in Confucianism is during death. During this sad time, families mourn to let their neighbors know that they have lost someone special. The basic beliefs of Confucianism are based on six parts. Li, includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, and more. Hsiao, which consists of love within the family, Yi, which is righteousness, Xin which is honesty and trustworthiness, Chung, which is loyalty to the state, and Jen which is kindness and compassion towards others. Jen is the highest Confucian virtue. In the religion of Confucianism, there are no gods. The writings and scriptures on which the religion is based on is the sacred texts. The sacred texts consist of the Si Shu or Four Books and Wu Jing or Five Classics. The Shi Shu contains the books of Lun Yu, which is Analects of Confucius made by Confuciuss students, Chung Yung, the doctrine of the mean, Ta Hsueh, the great learning, and Meng Tzu, the writings of Meng Tzu. Meng Tzu was a philosopher who was comparable to Confucius in the way of how he traveled from state to state talking about the religion to rulers. The Wu Jing consisted of Shu Ching, Shih Ching, I Ching, Chun Chiu, and Li Ching. Shu Ching is the classic of history which is the writings and speeches from ancient Chinese rulers. Shih Ching is the Classic of Odes which is three hundred poems and songs. I Ching is the Classic of Changes which is the description of a divinatory system. Chun Chiu is the Spring and Autumn Annals. Li Ching is the Classic of Rites.

Teenage Suicide free essay sample

An examination of the phenomenon of teenage suicide through the use of a review of Dr. David Lesters book, The Cruelest Death: the Enigma of Adolescent Suicide. This paper uses this book as its main source to examine the trend of suicide among adolescents. By using two case studies, this paper explores the helplessness that some teenagers feel and how they resort to this final desperate measure. The paper compares trends between males and females and older and younger teenagers. It also examines psychological disorders which lead to suicide such as depression. Dr. David Lesters book, The Cruelest Death: the Enigma of Adolescent Suicide, presents alarming findings of fact about the third leading cause of death in the USA among those below 24 suicide. It points to the recent and dramatic rise in the incidence of the last 20 years as suggestive of an epidemic (Lester 1993) that warrants greater attention and sobriety among those who can and should do something about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a frank inquest into the social phenomenon by providing information support to theory, research, management and intervention helpful to professionals particularly clinicians, crisis workers and parents and the entire family with greater insights that can help them device more effective, responsive and successful strategies in the clinic, school and at home, all with the end-view of reversing the trend.

Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Essays

Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Essays Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Paper Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The Secret Life Of Bees Porphyrias lover is one of the most dramatic monologues written by a Victorian poet. Many tried to grasp new concepts of sensuality and brutality but it was Browning who captured these themes perfectly. As the Victorian society developed its understanding on sexuality and morality, people realized how many problems they have to face due to the idea of bad and wrong. Consciousness was a new idea so many poets didnt look at the normal side of the society but tried to develop their understanding and reflection of the insane minds. Porphyrias lover is a great example of such a reflection. Through the monologue we are pushed to face the conflict within the mind, the most twisted endeavors of our souls and the tip of a huge mountain of insanity. The narrator of this great piece is a complex multi layered character who shows us the problems and conflicts within his mind. Browning unfolds the secrets of the narrator very subtlety. The murder is described with a passive and apathetic voice which makes this poem seem so unreal and abstract. The author touches the most delicate and dark sides of our mind and shows us what would happen if the was no conscious present or if it was understood differently. The narrator describes his actions as I found a thing, thing to do,( )and strangled her. This is a very passive description of a action. It tells us that the narrator believed it was a natural action; killing the girl. Her love was so dear to him, that he decided to keep it in her for eternity. This action could theoretically be considered romantic. However, isnt killing someone a brutal action. Here we are facing a great conflict. Were his actions romantic or rather brutal, is taking someone elses life a loving or a evil action? The narrator doesnt even see other possibilities. He is so satisfied with the love and compassion she is showing him ( happy and proud; at last I knew Porphyria worshiped me) On the other hand Browning tells us there was some questioning to his actions. No pain felt she, Im quite sure she felt no pain the narrator is reassuring himself that his actions were right and loving. This tells us that there was some rational thinking in his head. However, rational doesnt mean the same thing to everyone. There is no clear description of what is rational or not. If there is enough evidence to back up your action then it may as well be considered rational. The point is that the narrator does back up his actions with reasoning, unfortunately his reasoning and his action do not weigh each other out meaning that in our modern reality his mind is unbalanced and incorrect. To show the deep complexity of ones mind, Browning uses a very particular rhyme pattern through out the piece ABABB. The intensity and asymmetry of the pattern suggests the madness concealed within the speaker’s reasoned self-presentation. The speaker uses a few great metaphors. As a shut bud that holds a bee, I warily opened her lids. This could indicate the reflection upon his actions. As we know bees sting, the narrator doesnt want to feel the painful truth. A beautiful flower has died with his love hidden inside. It is now not visible so he opens her eyes again, afraid of what he might see; pain, horror, hate. Hes scared that once the bud id open his love will sting him and fly away. In the last line of the poem the author talks about the result of his actions, and yet God has not said a word. This tells us that the narrator knows his actions could be considered as bad but yet no one has done anything. No one stopped him from doing what he had done therefore it was right. This also indicated that our speaker is religious and is scared aware of heaven and hell, this could suggest that to hold Porphyrias love and passion was so dear to him it was worth more than being a good man or going to heaven.

The problem of corruption in Liberia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The problem of corruption in Liberia - Essay Example At the beginning of 2002, UNHCR assisted the refugees who voluntarily wanted to repatriate to Sierra Leone, and by the end of September, close to 13,000 refugees had been repatriated. UNHCR intends to continue its work in close cooperation with the Liberia Refugee Repatriation and Resettlement Commission (LRRRC), which is the government institution responsible for constructing and implementing programmes for the displaced in Liberia (UNHCR, 2002c; Kamara, 1999b). Many of the studies on the topic of resettlement and repatriation emphasise the security conditions and the importance of guaranteeing protection for the refugees. This seems to be a major concern not only throughout the conflict but also in the postwar period. In late 1992 there were reports of security problems, especially in the northern Lofa County, and as a result UNHCR and NGOs were unable to reach the Sierra Leonean refugees in that area. Moreover, although UNHCR has had a voluntary repatriation plan in place since July 1991, the ongoing fighting has prevented Liberian refugees from returning (Jesuit Refugee Service, 1993:7). According to UNHCR, the security situation improved somewhat in 1993. However, the implementation of the Cotonou agreement, which was argued to be a condition for the return of the refugees, was behind schedule (UNHCR, 1993). Furthermore, in early 1994, UNHCR was asking donors for funds regarding the voluntary repatriation of some 700,000 Liberian refuge es residing in neighbouring countries at that time (Jesuit Refugee Service, 1994). Abdi and Tinstman discuss voluntary repatriation to Liberia, and they too argue that the security situation in Liberia is precarious and that there is a need to ensure that the refugees are protected (Abdi and Tinstman, 1995). Paul Stromberg reports that, in late 1997, the UNHCR shifted its policy of facilitating repatriation to a more active policy of promoting repatriation, but progress has been slow. The problems have been several, for instance, the cross border insurgencies, together with the lack of interest from the international donors which have resulted in lack in funding (Stromberg, 1998). In a paper by Tom Kamara, several aspects concerning returnees and repatriation are discussed. Kamara argues that security issues, as well as the economic environment, make the conditions for repatriation and reintegration difficult (Kamara, 1999b). Along the same lines, Philippa Atkinson has conducted a study of the political and socio-economic conditions facing the Liberian refugees as they returned from neighbouring countries to Liberia. She analyses a number of different factors, including shelter, food aid, income distribution, and employment (Atkinson, 1992). In a more recent study on economic opportunities for those returning home, Rein Dekker studies a group of Ghanaians who moved to Liberia, but due to the war returned to resettle in their home country. The government of Ghana and international agencies were focusing on the Liberian refugees while Ghanaian refugees were left to fend for themselves. However, loan schemes were offered by an NGO, and it is this scheme which Dek ker evaluates in her study. Dekker examines the factors that determined whether the refugees were successful in making use of this economic opportunity and able to repay their loans (Dekker, 1995). Jeff Crisp reports on

Profitability ratios in financial ratio analysis Essay

Profitability ratios in financial ratio analysis - Essay Example Ratio Analysis is a popular technique which helps in analysing a company’s performance over a given period of time.Although this technique has some limitations, it is broadly used around the world in analysing the performance of different organisationsAs per the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet, the company seems to be a very good profitable organisation but a mere look upon these two financial statements do not give a decisive position about a company’s performance, hence proper analysis needs to be done. Ratio Analysis is one of the popular technique which helps in analysing a company’s performance over a given period of time. Although this technique has some limitations, it is broadly used around the world in analysing the performance of different organisations around the world. The performance of Uffington Plc is analysed by using the ratio analysis technique. The ratio analysis uses different types of ratio which are based upon different aspects of per formance in a company and finally a company’s performance is evaluated under all those different ratios.â€Å"Profitability ratios show a company's overall efficiency and performance. We can divide profitability ratios into two types: margins and returns. Ratios that show margins represent the firm's ability to translate sales pounds into profits at various stages of measurement. Ratios that show returns represent the firm's ability to measure the overall efficiency of the firm in generating returns for its shareholders† (About.com).... The ratio analysis uses different types of ratio which are based upon different aspects of performance in a company and finally a company’s performance is evaluated under all those different ratios. â€Å"Profitability ratios show a company's overall efficiency and performance. We can divide profitability ratios into two types: margins and returns. Ratios that show margins represent the firm's ability to translate sales pounds into profits at various stages of measurement. Ratios that show returns represent the firm's ability to measure the overall efficiency of the firm in generating returns for its shareholders† (About.com). Gross Profit Margin ratio is a profitability ratio which reveals the amount of gross profit as a percentage of the sales revenue. Uffington plc’s Gross Profit Margin has improved from 30% in 2008 to 35% in 2009. This indicates that the company has improved its performance during the year 2009 but if these results are compared with the indus try average trends for Uffington plc, the company has not performed although the company is trying to achieve the industry average gross profit margin of 50%. Uffington plc would need to increase its revenue or cut its costs dramatically to reach the industry average gross profit margin of 50%. Liquidity ratios are a measure of ascertaining the day to day running of a company; it is merely a measure of ascertaining a company’s ability to pay off its obligations as they fall due. These obligations are generally the current liabilities and these current liabilities can be met by having appropriate current assets. The current ratio is a measure that analyses a company’s ability to pay off its current liabilities by negotiating its current assets. Uffington plc

Story Titled The Accident

Story Titled The Accident When we about to sit in a car, we usually take safety for granted. Many people dont even realize the dangers when driving from one place to another. Driving has become routine. People cant predict the dangers they face when driving, or even the tragic and disastrous moment when something goes wrong. I get asked this question quiet often, Why I am so scared to drive a car? August 6th 2007 is the date that I will never forget; that day changed my life. My perception, my thinking and social life was affected. It was the day when Ali got his license. It was 3:00 A.M in the morning, the air was misty, freezing and dark, and the streets lights were barely on. The streets were deserted and empty as if no one existed. It felt as if we were the only people in this city. There was a feeling of freedom but then something evil began to take its place, we decided to race. Even though the road was bumpy and uneven, the race seemed like a brilliant idea. Speeding up to 110mph we did not care about anything except going faster. It was fun and as far as I can recall, I was really enjoying it. Until the moment I turned my head to the right and saw Ali pointing with a smile, better keep up boy he said, this picture kept playing in my head constantly; at that very instant I felt the something wrong was about to happen. With fear I reduced my speed; just before I began slowing down, I heard a bang Alis car had flipped over, and the screech of grinding metal filled the empty streets. I used all my force to stop the car and get out. As the front wheel spun freely and oil was dripping to the ground, shards of the glass and other debris littered the crash scene like a pià ±ata spilled candy after being struck. My heart was beating rapidly, and my mind felt as if it was frozen. I rushed towards the car and saw Ali struggling with pain as cold as death itself screaming for help; his face was covered with blood and his hand was stuck behind his back. He was jammed in a very awkward position. I tried to help, and kept trying until I realized my help was not sufficient I needed more hands. Thinking of whom to call, I knew the best thing at that time was to try to keep him calm. I quickly dialed Alis residence. I called five times and every time the answering machine went on. Frustrating and panic filled my head. I then dialed the police. Thankfully, they were there in five minutes, but those five minutes felt like years. Watching Ali struggle with pain was disturbing; I felt helpless and des perately wanted this situation to end. Ali was finally dragged out of the car and was rushed to the Hospital; his condition was bad because too much blood had been lost. I finally got through to Alis parents. After an hour inside the emergency room the doctors were finally out, and what I was about to hear was something that changed my life. His spinal chord had broken. The doctors believed that he might not be able to walk. This was a very sad moment; his mother was crying hysterically, I still remember her saying no, no, no this cant be. Mr. Khan was constantly trying to comfort her, and she looked at me and shook her head with disappointment. At that very moment I felt that it was all because of me. I felt that I was not mature enough or responsible enough. I felt I had betrayed his parents; his mother always used to tell me to look after Ali. She thought I was the responsible one; it was hard to stand even a second there of her stare. Ali was not the same; we never hung out the way we used to. He was quiet and lost in his thoughts, and whenever I went to his house, he would tell his mother that he didnt want to meet me. He used to sit at home crying with disappointment when his attempt to walk failed. Every time I looked at him the picture of the crash kept playing in my head and his struggle to walk and his depression made me feel guilty every time I saw him. Eventually a gap started developing, and soon Alis isolation made him feel that I was the sole reason for this accident. The rare calls from Ali had stopped; months had passed and one day I found out Ali had moved to Dubai. I used to wonder if I am or ever will be same the person I used to be. He made a difference in my life by always being there for me and caring about me. I used to be a happy and optimistic person. My closest friend Ali made a major impact on my life; it was a major shock; that guy used to be my best friend; we hung out together; we were partners and did almost everything together. This accident that was an act of immaturity, caused an event because of which I not only lost a friend, but a great person who was also a good athlete lose his legs. The worst part is that he still feels its all because of me. His suspetition made a big impact on my life; I used to doubt myself and my ability to make friends. I got so afraid that sometimes I didnt even feel like tracing and locating him because I feel that even if I try to clarify myself it wont make a big difference; I stayed quiet most of the time and getting along with people wasnt my thing, I think it was all because I was conscious and I feared that I might end up hurting someone else. Through all of these thoughts and feelings, an annoying voice in the back of my head kept making feel that something could be wrong, that something or somewhere I must have gone wrong. Now four years have passed and I have no Idea of what Ali is up to, I never called nor I ever received a call from him, but now my views have changed. The car accident is and will always be a major moment in my life, it made me realize that God has a plan for every one and there is a hidden message behind everything. I had a great friend and probably best times in my life. Our life changes every second, this accident made me realize to value every single moment has as if it was my last, because its really difficult to predict when it all will be over.

August and December

The time allocated for teaching and learning is a factor influencing pupils' academic performance. There are three school terms every year with holidays in between in the months of April, August and December.Research has shown that majority of schools start learning after the first week of the school term. This indicates that there is a lot of time wastage before learning begins. Besides,most schools loose many teaching/ learning hours at the beginning of the term. This wastage leads to less work being covered and syllabus not being completed on time hence contributing to poor performance in KCPE examinations. b. Adequacy of Learning Resources: The adequacy and use of teaching and learning materials affects the effectiveness of a teacher's lesson.Teaching and learning esources enhances understanding of abstract ideas and improves performance. Adequate learning resources like text books,improvised weather instruments,relevant child friendly library books, wall maps and the exercise bo oks are of paramount importance. This makes learning easier of subjects like Social Studies very abstract to the pupils. Further still,it has been proven that school facilities have a direct effect on teaching and learning. Text books enable the pupils to follow the teacher's sequence of presentation and aids in understanding of lessons. . School Administration :The quality of school administration plays a vital role in academic performance as it is concerned with pupils, teachers, rules, regulations and policies that govern the school system. In analyzing the efficiency of school administration, the following aspects ought to be considered: Frequency of staff meetings Frequency of checking teachers' schemes of work and lesson plans Adequacy of teachers' prior preparation Frequency of class observation by the head teacher. Few staff meetings may lead to less co-ordination of curriculum implementation.This an lead to less monitoring and reporting of the progress of the schools activi ties to the teachers . Frequency of Checking Teachers' Schemes of work: The responsibility of checking the professional documents like teachers' schemes of work and lesson plans lies in the hands of the head teacher. This may be done in person or he may delegate to the deputy head teacher or the senior teacher. Preparation and use of schemes of work by the teachers enhances sequential teaching and results to improved achievement.Checking of teachers schemes of work should be done frequently to allow the head teacher monitor curriculum implementation. Frequency ot Checking the Teachers' Lessons Plans :Teacners' lesson plan is a protessional document prepared by teachers for the purpose of presentation of a lesson. The teacher indicates whether the lesson has been taught and objectives achieved; if the lesson is not taught, then the teacher indicates the reason why and when he intends to cover it; if the lesson objectives are not achieved, the teacher plans for remedial lesson in orde r to make the concept understood by the pupils.Head teachers should monitor lesson plan preparation frequently; otherwise it may lead to poor erformance. Adequacy of Teachers' Prior Preparation: Adequate prior preparation before a teacher goes to class leads to good performance by the pupils. This promotes sequential presentation of concepts by the teacher to the learners. Always, prior preparation by the teachers leads to systematic delivery of concepts to pupils and enhances performance. Observation of Classes by Head teachers: One of the roles of the head teacher is to carry out internal supervision of curriculum implementation in his/her school.This involves physical observation of teachers' lessons in progress. One of the head teachers' roles is regular class supervision in order to promote curriculum goals. Failure to do so may lead to poor performance. 2. Teacher-Based Factors These are the factors within the teachers that could hinder or promote academic performance of pupil s in their schools. The following are some of the aspects of teacher based factors: Teachers' commitment Teachers' frequency of absenteeism Teachers' motivation Teachers' work load.Teachers' Commitment Level: Good performance is as a result of high commitment levels by the teachers. Studies shows that teachers who lack enthusiasm are unable o teach effectively, making pupils not to learn well. Frequency of Absenteeism among Teachers: When teachers absent themselves from school frequently, pupils go unattended and do not do well in examinations. Absenteeism by teachers reduces the amount of instructional time and this result in the syllabus not being completed. This in return results to lower output of work by the pupils.Teachers' Motivation:A World Bank Report (1986) acknowledges that teacher satisfaction is generally related to achievement as satisfied teachers would concentrate hence enhancing academic performance of their pupils. Teacher Turn-over Rate:lf the teacher turn-over ra te is high then it can contribute to poor performance in examinations. According to Schneider (2003) high teacher turn over forces schools to devote attention, time and financial resources attracting replacement of teachers. Teachers' Workload: This is the number of lessons teachers take per week.If teachers are not overloaded their output in terms performance should be good. 3. PUPlLS BASED FACTORS These are the factors within the pupils that could enhance or hinder their academic performance. The following are some aspects under pupil-based factors: 1. Pupils' language use 2. Pupils' rate of absenteeism 3. Pupils' lateness to school. Pupils' Language Use: Pupils who interact using English language tend to understand it better and do well in examinations as all examinations apart from Swahili are written in English language.It is equally true that leaner who also interact well using Swahili language will pass the Swahili exam. Therefore,both languages must be encouraged in equal me asure by the teachers,parents and the larger community. Pupils' Frequency of Absenteeism: These is the aspect of how frequent pupils absent themselves from school. When pupils absent themselves from school, they tend to lose many concepts and definitely may not do well in exams. The effect of absenteeism and irregular school attendance is that materials taught are difficult to understand when studied on one's own.Continued loss of classes results to loss of content and knowledge. Class assignments,exercises,homework and holiday homework would not be properly and correctly done leading to poor performance. 4. Community-Based Factors Community based factors are factors within the community that impede or enhance pupils' academic performance. In analyzing the community based factors, the following aspects can be looked into: a) Parents' Consultation with Teachers:Good performance is realized when parents work in consultation with the teachers in order to understand their children bette r.Studies shows that most often parents do not consult teachers and that most parents were not so much concerned about education of the children. Bogus (2004) indicated that parents' interaction with teachers enables them to know what their children are encountering in school and what could be done to deal with the problems. It would also put pupils on alert and tudy in school as they would know that their parents would inquire about their performance.

Psychology of Spending: Where Does Belt-Tightening Begin?

The Psychology of Spending analyzes consumer’s ideals of the scarcity principle – in which, consumers are mentally forced to buy certain brands as they have before. The high costs of their choices make no difference even after their economic status is not as unique as it was once before. For example, the Water-Diamond scenario in which we will pay thousands of dollars for a diamond, but we will not pay thousands of dollars for a bottle of water. Our mental state of underestimating its value because it is a ‘need’ makes us consider it invaluable by numbers. Every consumer has encountered these kinds of thoughts pertaining to their buying habits in different perspectives. We could also address the issues of supply and demand. Luxury goods are in demand because of the advanced technology we are experiencing in our New Economy. We have found ourselves trapped in securing the newest trend because of the gadgets, computers, cell phones, and other accessories around us everyday. You can notice these triggering children to purchase their own cell phones because it is now a need – not a want. Cell phones have trampled into the same estate as water in the water-diamond scenario. We consider cell phones as invaluable goods for keeping in touch with our friends and family around the world. The ultimate ‘need’ comes from feeling inadequate or isolated without one so our demand increases to where we must purchase accessories as well. According to the article, the high-end wants are really needs now due to the vanity and exposure to as many choices as possible. Consumers have more than enough to consider when they want to buy products. Generic products are slowly, but surely losing the interests of these buyers. The marginal utility of large net worth has declined as more and more luxury goods are being produced. As aforementioned earlier, the demand for luxuries has increased and the suppliers are interested in increased sales – so they have given the strength of the ‘scarcity’ rule away to growth. For example, they could increase the price of their merchandise if every high-end retailer produces no more than 40,000 units of their product. The product’s marginal utility will remain at its best possible light to the consumer’s eye. A well-known factor, which was mentioned in The Psychology of Spending, is the wealthy household’s attempts to buy large amounts of land no matter what the economic status is. Other issues arise in comparison to their counterparts in the luxurious industries. Some indirect factors that corner the marginal utility of luxury goods is the quality of the resources used to produce the goods. If the quality of the resources is reduced, the probability of increased sells could remove the ‘high-end’ aspect of the products. We will be used to the products and then ‘anyone’ can get it so it will not be considered high quality or high-end anymore. Properties over the $10,000,000 are probable to a decline in net worth if more products are created with their same unique characteristics. More interest rates will appear viable to the consumers, but their efforts in securing the products will increase due to their ideal of ‘scarce’ resources available. A discontinuation of a certain production will and could, harness the power for its collectibles to cost more. According to the Psychology of Spending, the monetary means or sense of superiority means a lot to the public. We are more than anxious enough to buy the newest trends without a second thought. If the new trend costs more than our capabilities, we will have to worry about the possibility of not ‘being in style’. The article’s outline of the economy during 2000 would be changed in today’s time. Our nation is experiencing a new, inaccurate development in which prices are increased due to the war. We, as consumers, have changed our buying habits a little bit but not much compared to the purchases made in 2000. Newer, faster, and cheaper products have caught our attention and the internet’s flourishing marketplace has given all consumers – wealthy and lower income- the same opportunity to buy these goods. As a mechanism to the psychological attachment to more money means more power, we can conclude that all high-end products are being purchased about 2% from the higher-income families. A majority of these implications can trigger a more thorough understanding of why the lower-income families are attempting to buy these products as well. None the less, their ability to manufacture or overproduce these products has lost its initial marginal utility it once had. In today’s society, these products do not create a ‘high’ as they once did. The consumers know that anyone can buy it at any price. Discount retailers have placed some sophisticated names on the shelves to attract their income counterparts for more information. We can expect this to continue until many consumers decide that their labels mean nothing – naturally. Some of the best products are left to the generic manufacturers whom will need those materials for a competitive advantage. As remarkable as this change is to our society, the distinctive features of these high-end products are slowly leaving the market. Imitative strategies have stripped the meaning of ‘brand’ and consumers are still buying these products without regard to their tastes. More than enough companies are losing the whole perspective of re-establishing their economic strategy to remain at the top of their industry. We can only wish for our buying habits to sway into finding a more distinguished product to assist in our highs. Â  

Women of the Tenth Century Notable Medieval Women

In the tenth century, a few women achieved power but almost entirely through their fathers, husbands, sons, and grandsons. Some even served as regents for their sons and grandsons. As Europes Christianization became nearly complete, it was more common for women to achieve power by founding monasteries, churches, and convents. Womens value to royal families was mainly as childbearers and as pawns to move around in dynastic marriages. Occasionally, women (like Aethelflaed) led military forces, or (like Marozia and Theodora) wielded direct political power. A few women (like Andal, Lady Li, and Hrosvitha) achieved prominence as artists and writers. Saint Ludmilla:  840 - 916 Ludmilla raised and educated her grandson, a duke, and the future Saint Wenceslaus. Ludmilla was key in the Christianization of her country. She was murdered by her daughter-in-law Drahomira, a nominal Christian. Ludmilla was married to Borivoj, who was the first Christian Duke of Bohemia. Ludmilla and Borivoj were baptized about 871. Conflict over religion drove them from their country, but they were soon recalled and ruled together for seven years more.  Ludmilla and Borivoj then resigned and turned over rule to their son Spytihnev, who died two years later. Another son Vratislav then succeeded. Married to Drahomira, a nominal Christian, he left his eight-year-old son Wenceslaus to rule. Wenceslaus had been raised and educated by Ludmilla. Another son (perhaps a twin) Boreslav the Cruel was raised and educated by his father and mother. Ludmilla continued to influence her grandson, Wenceslaus. Reportedly, pagan nobles stirred up Drahomira against Ludmilla, resulting in the murder of Ludmilla, with Drahomiras participation. Stories say she was strangled by her veil by noblemen at Drahomiras instigation. Ludmilla is venerated as a patron saint of Bohemia. Her feast day is September 16. Father: Slavibor, Prince of Psov(?)Mother: unknownHusband: Borivoj (Boriwoi), Duke of BohemiaChildren:Spytihnev (Spitignev)Vratislav (Wratislaw, Radislav) I, Duke of Bohemia; married DrahomiraGrandchildren:Boreslav (Boleslaw, Boleslaus) I the CruelSaint Wenceslaus (Wenceslas, Vyacheslav) I, Duke of BohemiaStrezislava of Bohemia (?) Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians: ? - 918 Aethelflaed was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Aethelflaed became a political and military leader when her husband was killed in battle with the Danes in 912. She went on to unify Mercia. Aelfthryth (877 - 929) She’s known mainly as a genealogical link of Anglo Saxon kings to the Anglo-Norman dynasty. Her father was Alfred the Great, her mother Ealhswith, and her siblings included Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Aethelgifu, Edward the Elder, Aethelweard. Aelfthryth was raised and educated with her brother, Edward, a future king. She was married to Baldwin II  of Flanders in 884, as a way of solidifying an alliance between the English and the Flemish to oppose the Vikings. When her father, Alfred, died in 899, Aelfthryth inherited several properties in England from him. She donated several of these to the abbey of St. Peter in Ghent. Aelfthryths  husband Baldwin II died in 915. In 917, Aelfthryth had his bodied moved to the abbey of St. Peter. Her son, Arnulf, became the count of Flanders after his fathers death. His descendant Baldwin V was the father of  Matilda of Flanders  who married William the Conqueror. Because of Aelfthryths heritage as a daughter of the Saxon king, Alfred the Great, the marriage of Matilda to the future Norman king, William, brought the heritage of the Saxon kings back into the royal line. Husband: Baldwin II, Count of Flanders, son of  Judith of France, who had briefly been a stepmother and then sister-in-law to Aelfthrgyths father, Alfred the Great (married 884)Children: Arnulf I of Flanders, Adalulf, Count of Boulogne, Ealswid, Ermentrud Also known as:  Eltrudes (Latin), Elstrid Theodora: ? - 928 She was a senatrix and serenissima vestaratrix of Rome. She was the grandmother of Pope John XI; her influence and that of her daughters was called the Rule of the Harlots or the pornocracy. Not to be confused with the Byzantine empress Theodora.  This Theodora’s alleged lover, Pope John X, whose election as Pope she supported, was allegedly murdered by Theodora’s daughter, Marozia, whose father was Theodora’s first, Theophylact. Theodora is also credited as the grandmother of Pope John XI and great-grandmother of Pope John XII. Theodora and her husband Theophylact were key influences during the papacies of Sergius III and Anastasius III. Later stories associated Sergius III with  Marozia, daughter of Theophylact and Theodora, and claim that the future Pope John XI was their illegitimate son, born when Marozia was only 15 years old. When John X was elected Pope it was also with the support of Theodora and Theophylact. Some stories claim that John X and Theodora were lovers. Husband: TheophylactDaughter: MaroziaDaughter: Theodora (confused by historian Edward Gibon with her mother)Rumored to be the mistress of Pope John X and Pope Sergius III An example of historians judgment of Theodora and Marozia: Towards the beginning of the tenth century a powerful noble, Theophylact, aided by his beautiful and unscrupulous wife, Theodora, secured control of Rome. Their daughter  Marozia  became the central figure of a corrupt society which completely dominated both the city and the papacy. Marozia herself married as her third husband Hugh of Provence, then king of Italy. One of her sons became pope as John XI ( 931-936), while another, Alberic, assumed the title of prince and senator of the Romans and ruled Rome, appointing four popes in the years 932 to 954. (from: John L. Lamonte,  The World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History, 1949. p. 175.) Olga of Russia: about 890 - 969 Olga of Kiev was the first known woman to rule Russia, the first Russian ruler to adopt Christianity, the first Russian saint in the Orthodox Church. She was the widow of Igor I, regent for their son. She is known for her role in bringing Christianity to official status in Russia. Marozia: about 892-about 937 Marozia was the daughter of the powerful Theodora (above), as well as allegedly mistress of Pope Sergius III. She was the mother of Pope John XI (by her first husband Alberic or by Sergius) and of another son Alberic who stripped the papacy of much secular power and whose son became Pope John XII.  See her mother’s listing for a quote about Marozia. Saint Matilda of Saxony: about 895 - 986 Matilda of Saxony was the Empress of Germany (the Holy Roman Empire), married to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry I. She was the founder of monasteries and builder of churches. She was the mother of Emperor Otto I, Duke Henry of Bavaria, St. Bruno, Gerberga who married Louis IV of France and Hedwig, whose son Hugh Capet founded a French royal dynasty. Raised by her grandmother, an abbess, Saint Matilda of Saxony was, as were so many royal women, married off for political purposes. In her case, it was to Henry the Fowler of Saxony, who became King of Germany. During her life in Germany Saint Matilda of Saxony founded several abbeys and was noted for her charity. Her feast day was March 14. Saint Edith of Polesworth: about 901 - 937 Daughter of Hugh Capet of England and widow Sigtryggr Gale, King of Dublin and York, Edith became a nun at Polesworth Abbey and Tamworth Abbey and abbess at Tamworth. Also known as:  Eadgyth, Edith of Polesworth, Edith of Tamworth One of perhaps two Ediths who were daughters of King Edward the Elder of England, the history of Saint Edith is ambiguous. Attempts to trace her life identify the mother of this Edith (Eadgyth) as Ecgwyn. Saint Ediths brother, Aethelstan, was King of England 924-940. Edith or Eadgyth was married in 925 to Sigtryggr Gale, King of Dublin and York. Their son Olaf Cuarà ¡n Sitricsson also became King of Dublin and York. After her husbands death, she became a nun and, eventually, abbess at Tamworth Abbey in Gloucestershire. Alternatively, Saint Edith may have been a sister of King Edgar the Peaceful and therefore an aunt of Edith of Wilton. After her death in 937, Saint Edith was canonized; her feast day is July 15. Edith of England: about 910 - 946 Edith of England was the daughter of King Edward the Elder of England, and the first wife of Emperor Otto I of Germany, One of two Ediths who were daughters of King Edward the Elder of England, the mother of this Edith (Eadgyth) is variously identified as Aelflaeda (Elfleda) or Edgiva (Eadgifu). Her brother and half-brothers were kings of England: Aethelstan, Aelfweard, Edmund I and Eadred. Typically for the female offspring of royal rulers, she was married to another expected ruler, but far from home. She married Otto I the Great  of Germany, later Holy Roman Emperor, about 929. (Otto married again; his second wife was  Adelaide.) Edith (Eadgyth) is interred at St. Maurice Cathedral, Magdeburg, Germany. Also known as: Eadgyth Hrosvitha von Gandersheim: about 930 - 1002 Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim wrote the first plays known to be written by a woman, and she is the first known European woman poet after Sappho. She was also a canoness and a chronicler. Her name translates as strong voice. Also known as: Hroswitha, Hrostsvit, Hrotsvithae, Hrosvitha of Gandersheim Saint Adelaide: 931 - 999 Empress Adelaide was Western empress from 962 (consort of Otto I) and later was regent for Otto III from 991-994 with her daughter-in-law Theophano. Daughter of Rudolf II of Burgundy, Adelaide was married to Lothair, king of Italy. After Lothair died in 950 —perhaps poisoned by Berengar II who seized the throne for his son—she was taken a prisoner in 951 by Berengar II who wanted her to marry his son. Otto I the Great of Saxony rescued Adelaide and defeated Berengar, declared himself king of Italy, and then married Adelaide. His first wife was  Edith, daughter of Edward the Elder. When he was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor on February 2, 962, Adelaide was crowned as Empress. She turned to religious activity, promoting monasticism. Together they had five children. When Otto I died and her son, Otto II, succeeded to the throne, Adelaide continued to influence him until 978. He married  Theophano, a Byzantine princess, in 971, and her influence gradually superseded that of Adelaide. When Otto II died in 984, his son, Otto III, succeeded him, though he was only three years old. Theophano, the childs mother, was in control until 991 with Adelaides support, and then Adelaide ruled for him 991-996. Michitsuna no haha: about 935 – about 995 Japanese poet who wrote The Kagero Diary, documenting life in the Japanese court. The diary is known for its critique of marriage.  Her name means â€Å"Mother of Michitsuna.† She was the wife of a Japanese official whose descendants by his first wife were rulers of Japan. Michitsunas diary stands as a classic in literary history. In documenting her own troubled marriage, she helped document that aspect of 10th century Japanese culture. The Kagero Diary (The Gossamer Years) Theophano: 943? – after 969 Theophano was the wife of Byzantine emperors Romanus II and Nicephorus II, and regent for her sons Basil II and Constantine VIII. Her daughters Theophano and Anna married important 10th-century rulers -- the Western emperor and Vladimir I the Great of Russia. Theophanos first marriage was to the Byzantine Emperor Romanus II, whom she was able to dominate. Theophano, along with a eunuch, Joseph Bringus, essentially ruled in her husbands place. She was alleged to have poisoned Romanus II in 963, after which she served as regent for her sons Basil II and Constantine VIII. She married Nicephorus II on September 20, 963, barely a month after he became emperor, displacing her sons.  He ruled until 969 when he was assassinated by a conspiracy that included John I Tzimisces, whose mistress she had become.  Polyeuctus, the patriarch of Constantinople, forced him to banish Theophano to a convent and punish the other murderers. Her daughter Theophano (below) married Otto II, the Western emperor, and her daughter Anna married Vladimir I of Kiev. (Not all sources agree that these were their daughters.) An example of a highly-charged opinion of Theophano—a few quotes from the lengthy  The World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History  by John L. Lamonte, 1949 (pp. 138-140): he death of Constantine VII was caused in all probability by poison administered to him by his son, Romanus II, at the instigation of his wife Theophano. This Theophano was a notorious courtesan, the daughter of a tavern keeper, who had won the affection of the young Romanus, a dissipated and generally worthless youth, so that he married her and associated her on the throne. With her father-in-law removed and her debauched husband on the throne, Theophano took into her own hands the reins of power, ruling with the advice of the eunuch Joseph Bringas, an old functionary of Constantines.... Romanus departed this world in 963 leaving Theophano a widow at the age of twenty with two small sons, Basil and Constantine. What could be more natural than that the widowed empress should seek a supporter and helpmate in the gallant soldier? Bringas attempted to assume the custody for the two young princes at the death of their father, but Theophano and the patriarch engaged in an unholy alliance to confer the government on the hero Nicephorus†¦. Theophano saw herself now the wife of a new and handsome emperor. But she had been duped; when the patriarch refused to recognize Tzmisces as emperor until he had driven from the Sacred Palace the adulteress . . . who had been the chief mover in the crime he cheerfully repudiated Theophano, who was banished to a nunnery (she was then 27 years old). Emma, Queen of Franks: about 945 – after 986 Emma was married to Lothaire, King of the Franks. Mother of King Louis V of the Franks, Emma is alleged to have poisoned her son in 987. After his death, Hugh Capet succeeded to the throne, ending the Carolingian dynasty and beginning the Capetian. Aelfthryth: 945 - 1000 Aelfthryth was an English Saxon queen, married to King Edgar the Peaceable. After Edgar’s death, she may have helped end the life of her stepson Edward the Martyr so that her son could become King as Aethelred (Ethelred) II the Unready.  Aelfthryth  or Elfrida was the first queen of England known to have been crowned with that title. Also known as:  Elfrida, Elfthryth Her father was Earl of Devon, Ordgar. She married Edgar who died in 975 and was his second wife. Aelfthryth is sometimes credited with organizing, or being part of, a 978 assassination of her stepson Edward the Martyr so that her 10-year-old son Ethelred II the Unready could succeed. Her daughter, Aethelfleda or Ethelfleda, was abbess at Romsey. Theophano: 956? - 991 This Theophano, possibly the daughter of the Byzantine empress Theophano (above) and emperor Romanus II, married the western emperor Otto II (Rufus) in 972. The marriage had been negotiated as part of a treaty between John Tzmisces, ruling for the princes who were Theophanos brothers, and Otto I. Otto I died the next year. When Otto II died in 984, his son, Otto III, succeeded him, though he was only three years old. Theophano, as the childs mother, was in control until 991. In 984 the Duke of Bavaria (Henry the Quarrelsome) kidnapped Otto III but was forced to turn him over to Theophano and her mother-in-law  Adelaide. Adelaide ruled for Otto III after Theophano died in 991. Otto III also married a Theophano, also of Byzantium. This Theophanos sister, Anna (below), married Vladimir I of Russia. Saint Edith of Wilton: 961 - 984 The illegitimate daughter of Edgar the Peaceable, Edith became a nun at the convent at Wilton, where her mother (Wulfthryth or Wilfrida) was also a nun. King Edgar was forced to do penance for kidnapping Wulfthryth from the convent.  Wulfthryth returned to the convent when she was able to escape, taking Edith with her. Edith was reportedly offered the crown of England by nobles who had supported one half-brother, Edward the Martyr, against her other half-brother, Aelthelred the Unready. Her feast day is September 16, the day of her death. Also known as:  Eadgyth, Ediva Anna: 963 - 1011 Anna was a Byzantine princess, probably the daughter of the Byzantine Empress  Theophano (above) and Byzantine Emperor Romanus II, and thus the sister of Basil II (though occasionally identified as Basils daughter) and, sister of the western empress, another Theophano (also above), Basil arranged for Anna to be married to Vladimir I of Kiev, called the Great, in 988. This marriage is sometimes credited for Vladimirs conversion to Christianity (as has the influence of his grandmother, Olga). His previous wives had been pagans as he had been before 988.  After the baptism, Basil tried to back out of the marriage agreement, but Vladimir invaded the Crimea and Basil relented. Annas arrival brought significant Byzantine cultural influence to Russia. Their daughter married Karol the Restorer of Poland. Vladimir was killed in an uprising in which some of his former wives and their children participated. Sigrid the Haughty: about 968 – before 1013 Legendary queen (perhaps mythical), Sigrid refused to marry King Olaf of Norway because it would have required her to give up her faith and become Christian. Also known as:  Sigrid the Strong-Minded, Sigrid the Proud, Sigrà ­Ãƒ ° Tà ³stadà ³ttir, Sigrà ­Ãƒ ° Stà ³rrà ¡Ãƒ °a, Sigrid Storrà ¥da Most likely a legendary character, Sigrid the Haughty (once assumed to be an actual person) is noted for her defiance. The chronicle of King Olaf of Norway says that when it was arranged for Sigrid to marry Olaf, she refused because it would have required her to convert to Christianity. She helped organize opponents of Olaf who, later, defeated the Norwegian King. According to the stories that mention Sigrid, she was married to Eric VI Bjornsson, King of Sweden, and was the mother of Olaf III of Sweden and of Holmfrid who married Svend I of Denmark. Later, perhaps after she and Eric divorced, she is supposed to have married Sweyn of Denmark (Sveyn Forkbeard) and is cited as the mother of Estrith or Margaret of Denmark, who married Richard II the Good of Normandy. Aelfgifu about 985 - 1002 Aelfgifu was the first wife of King Aethelread Unraed (Ethelred) the Unready, and probably the mother of his son Edmund II  Ironside who briefly ruled as King of England. Also known as:  Aelflaed, Elfreda, Elgiva Aelfgifus life shows one fact of womens existence in the tenth century: little is known of her besides her name. The first wife of Aethelred the Unready (from Unraed meaning bad or evil counsel), her parentage is disputed and she disappears from the record early in his long conflict with the Danes which resulted in the overthrow of Aethelred for Sweyn in 1013, and his subsequent brief return to control 1014-1016.  We dont know for sure whether Aelfgifu died or whether Aethelred put her aside for his second wife,  Emma of Normandy  whom he married in 1002. While the facts arent known for certain, Aelfgifu is usually credited as the mother of Aethelreds six sons and as many as five daughters, one of whom was the abbess at Wherwell. Aelfgifu was thus probably the mother of Aethelreds son Edmund II Ironside, who ruled briefly until Sweyns son, Cnut (Canute), defeated him in battle. Edmund was allowed by the treaty to rule in Wessex and Cnut ruled the rest of England, but Edmund died in the same year, 1016, and Cnut consolidated his power, marrying Aethelreds second wife and widow,  Emma of Normandy. Emma was the mother of Aethelreds sons Edward and Alfred and daughter Godgifu. These three fled to Normandy where Emmas brother ruled as Duke. Another Aelfgifu is mentioned as the first wife of Cnut, mother of Cnuts sons Sweyn and Harold Harefoot. Andal: Dates Unsure Andal was an Indian poet who wrote devotional poetry to Krishna. A few hagiographies survive of Andal, a poet in Tamil Nadu who wrote devotional poetry to Krishna in which her own personality comes alive at times. Two devotional poems by Andal are known and are still used in worship. Adopted by her father (Perilyalwar or Periyalwar) who finds her as a baby, Andal avoids earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. She is sometimes known by a phrase which means she who gave garlands that had been worn. Her name translates as savior or saint, and she is also known as Saint Goda. An annual holy day honors Andal. The Vaishnava tradition honors Shrivilliputtur as the birthplace of Andal. The Nacciyar Tirumoli, which is about the love of Andal for Vishnu and Andal as beloved, is a Vaishnava marriage classic. Her exact dates are unknown but are likely to have been the ninth or tenth centuries. Sources include: Phillip B. Wagoner. Tidings of the King. 1993.Joseph T. Shipley. Encyclopedia of Literature. 1946. Lady Li: Dates Unsure Lady Li was a Chinese artist from Shu (Sichuan) who is credited with beginning an artistic tradition by tracing on her paper window with a brush the shadows cast by the moon and bamboo, thus inventing monochromatic brush painting of bamboo. The Taoist writer Chuang-tzu also uses the name Lady Li for a parable about clinging to life in the face of death. Kang-i Chang.  Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism. 1999. (mentions Lady Li briefly)Marsha Weidner.  Flowering in the Shadows: Women in the History of Chinese and Japanese Painting.  1990. Zahra: Dates Unsure She was the favorite wife of Caliph Adb-er-Rahman III. She inspired the palace of al-Zahra near Cordoba, Spain. Ende: Dates Unsure Ende was a German artist, the first known female manuscript illustrator.